Do not miss this article if you are looking for a function to draw a straight line in R. Today, we will introduce the abline() function in R that helps you draw a straight line horizontally, vertically, and cross.
The abline() function in R
The abline() function draws a straight horizontal, vertical, and cross line.
Syntax:
abline(a, b, h, v)
Parameters:
- a: The intercept if the line is in cross
- b: The slope if the line is in cross
- h: Horizontal value
- v: Vertical value
Some examples of the abline() function
Draw the horizontal line
Our previous article showed you how to use the dnorm() function and draw the random variables x and their probability density values. Now, we will draw a horizontal line to mark the mean value of probability density.
Code:
# Create a vector x having balance values around 0 x <- seq(-5, 5, by = 0.001) # Calculate the probability density of the vector x y <- dnorm(x) # Calculate the mean value of probability density y_mean <- mean(y) # Visualize vector x and its probability density values plot(x, y) # Draw the horizontal line to mark the mean value of probability density abline(h = y_mean, col = "red")
Result:
Draw the vertical line
Random variables x are balanced around x. We can draw a vertical line to mark the median value of x, and of course, the value is zero.
Code:
# Create a vector x having balance values around 0 x <- seq(-5, 5, by = 0.001) # Calculate the probability density of the vector x y <- dnorm(x) # Calculate the mean value of probability density y_mean <- mean(y) # Visualize vector x and its probability density values plot(x, y) # Draw the vertical line to mark the median value of x abline(v = 0, col = "red")
Result:
Draw the cross line
In this example, we will draw a cross line representing the relation of features x and y of a linear regression model. First, we generate 40 values for feature x, then create random bias values from -3 to 3. After that, we create values for y by multiplying the feature x with a defined slope equal to 2 then, plus the bias. We can easily calculate the suitable slope and intercept for x and y by the lm() function. Finally, we visualize the relation by plotting x and y and drawing the cross line representing the linear regression model.
Code:
set.seed(0) # Generate 40 values for x x <- seq(40, 100, length.out = 40) # Create bias bias <- runif(40, -3, 3) # Create values for y from x and bias y <- 2 * x + bias # Calculate the relation between x and y reg <- lm(y ~ x) # Plot x and y plot(x, y, main = "Linear regression") # Draw the cross line abline(reg)
Result:
Summary
In summary, the abline() function can draw a straight line vertically, horizontally, and cross. It is helpful to represent the comparison and the relation of features when analyzing data.
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My name is Robert Collier. I graduated in IT at HUST university. My interest is learning programming languages; my strengths are Python, C, C++, and Machine Learning/Deep Learning/NLP. I will share all the knowledge I have through my articles. Hope you like them.
Name of the university: HUST
Major: IT
Programming Languages: Python, C, C++, Machine Learning/Deep Learning/NLP